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For example, Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August
1769 - 5 May 1821) was a military and political leader of France whose
actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century.
Born in Corsica and trained as an artillery
officer in mainland France, Bonaparte rose to prominence under the First
French Republic and led successful campaigns against the First and Second
Coalitions arrayed against France. In 1799, he staged a coup d'état and
installed himself as First Consul; five years later he crowned himself
Emperor of the French. In the first decade of the nineteenth century, he
turned the armies of the French Empire against every major European power and
dominated continental Europe through a series of military victories. He
maintained France's sphere of influence by the formation of extensive
alliances and the appointment of friends and family members to rule other
European countries as French client states. The French invasion of Russia in
1812 marked a turning point in Napoleon's fortunes. His Grande Armée was
badly damaged in the campaign and never fully recovered.
In 1813, the Sixth Coalition defeated his
forces at Leipzig; the following year the Coalition invaded France, forced
Napoleon to abdicate and exiled him to the island of Elba. Less than a year
later, he escaped Elba and returned to power, but was defeated at the Battle
of Waterloo in June 1815. Napoleon spent the last six years of his life under
British supervision on the island of Saint Helena.
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Sources for this text:
About.com http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/bonapartenapoleon/a/bionapoleon.htm
Napoleon I of France. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved,
September 28, 2009, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France
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Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives 3.0 License
Sirje Virkus, Tallinn University, 2009